The complete lecture — each industrial process comes alive in the live panel as you read. Scroll down; the animation keeps pace, and you can run the rotary cement kiln and the oil-refinery column.
1 — Fertilizers (N-P-K & urea)
- Fertilizer — supplies N, P and K for plant growth. Urea (≈46 % N) is made by 2NH₃ + CO₂ → CO(NH₂)₂ + H₂O.
2 — Manufacture of ammonia (Haber process)
HaberN₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃ ΔH = −92 kJ · iron catalyst
3 — Manufacture of nitric acid (Ostwald process)
Ostwald4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O → … → 2HNO₃
4 — Cement & the rotary kiln
Cement kilnlimestone + clay → (kiln, ~1450 °C) → clinker → + gypsum → cement
Limestone (CaCO₃) and clay are fed into the cool top of a long inclined rotary kiln. As the mix slides towards the flame it passes the pre-heat, calcination (CaCO₃→CaO+CO₂) and clinkering zones; clinker drops from the hot end and is ground with gypsum.
5 — Petrochemicals & oil refining
Fractional distillationcrude oil → refinery gas · petrol · kerosene · diesel · bitumen
The hot crude-oil vapour rises and cools up the fractionating column. Small, low-boiling molecules reach the cool top (refinery gas, petrol); large, high-boiling molecules condense low down (diesel, bitumen).
6 — Cracking
CrackingC₁₂H₂₆ → C₈H₁₈ (petrol) + 2 C₂H₄ (ethene)
7 — Sugar & paper industries
- Sugarcane → crush → clarify → evaporate → crystallise → sugar (+ molasses).
- Bagasse → pulping → bleaching → paper.
8 — Exam recap
- Fertilizers — N-P-K, urea, DAP.
- Ammonia (Haber) & nitric acid (Ostwald).
- Cement — raw materials, rotary kiln & its zones, clinker.
- Oil refining — fractional distillation & the fractions.
- Cracking — more petrol + alkenes.
- Sugar & paper industries; pollution control.